Rabu, 12 Desember 2012

Ngapi yay

Ngapi yay

A watery dip or condiment that is very popular in Myanmar, especially the Burmese and Karen ethnic groups. The ngapi (either fish or shrimp, but mostly whole fish ngapi is used) is boiled with onions, tomato, garlic, pepper and other spices. The result is a greenish-grey broth-like sauce, which makes its way to every Burmese dining table. Fresh, raw or blanched vegetables and fruits (such as mint, cabbage, tomatoes, green mangoes, green apples, olives, chilli, onions and garlic) are dipped into the ngapi yay and eaten. Sometimes, in less affluent families, ngapi yay forms the main dish, and also the main source of protein.

Kapi

Kapi

Baskets and mounds of Thai shrimp paste (kapi) at Warorot market, Chiang Mai, Thailand
In Thailand shrimp paste (kapi) is an essential ingredient in many types of nam phrik, spicy dips or sauces, and in all Thai curry pastes, such as the paste used in kaeng som. Very popular in Thailand is nam phrik kapi, a spicy condiment made with fresh shrimp paste and most often eaten together with fried pla thu (Short mackerel) and fried, steamed or raw vegetables. In Southern Thailand there are three types of shrimp paste: one made only from shrimp, one containing a mixture of shrimp and fish ingredients, and another paste that is sweet.[8]

Bagoong alamang

Bagoong alamang

Shrimp paste in Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines
Bagoong alamang or "Ginamos" (in Western Visayas) is Filipino for shrimp paste, made from minute shrimp or krill (alamang) and is commonly eaten as a topping on green mangoes or used as a major cooking ingredient. Bagoong paste varies in appearance, flavor, and spiciness depending on the type. Pink and salty bagoong alamang is marketed as "fresh", and is essentially the shrimp-salt mixture left to marinate for a few days. This bagoong is rarely used in this form, save as a topping for unripe mangoes. The paste is customarily sauteed with various condiments, and its flavour can range from salty to spicy-sweet. The colour of the sauce will also vary with the cooking time and the ingredients used in the sauteeing. Cincalok is the Malaysian version of 'fresh' bagoong alamang.
Unlike in other parts of Southeast Asia and in Western Visayas,[7] where the shrimp is fermented beyond recognition or ground to a smooth consistency, the shrimp in bagoong alamang (in many parts of the Philippines) is readily identifiable, and the sauce itself has a chunky consistency. A small amount of cooked or sauteed bagoong is served on the side of a popular dish called "kare-kare", an oxtail stew made with peanuts. It is also used as the key flavouring ingredient of a sauteed pork dish, known as binagoongan (lit. "that to which bagoong is applied"). The word bagoong, however, is also connoted with the bonnet mouth and anchovy fish version, bagoong terong.

Terasi

Terasi

Terasi (trassi in Dutch), an Indonesian variant of dried shrimp paste, is usually purchased in dark blocks, but is also sometimes sold ground. The color and aroma of terasi varies depending on which village produced it. The color ranges from soft purple-reddish hue to darkish brown. In Cirebon, a coastal city in West Java, terasi is made from tiny shrimp (krill) called "rebon", the very origin of the city's name. In Sidoarjo, East Java, terasi is made from the mixture of ingredients such as fish, small shrimp (udang), and vegetables. Terasi is an important ingredient in Sambal Terasi, also many other Indonesian cuisine, such as sayur asam (fresh sour vegetable soup), lotek (also called gado-gado, Indonesian style salad in peanut sauce), karedok (similar to lotek, but the vegetables are served raw), and rujak (Indonesian style hot and spicy fruit salad).
On the island of Lombok, Indonesia, a more savory and sweet shrimp paste called lengkare is made.

Belacan

Belacan

Belacan, a Malay variety of shrimp paste, is prepared from krill, also known as geragau in Kristang (Portuguese creole spoken in Malaysia) or rebon in Sundanese and Javanese. In Malaysia, normally the krill would be steamed first and after that are mashed into a paste and stored for several months. The fermented shrimp are then prepared, fried and hard-pressed into cakes. William Marsden, an English writer included the word in his "A Dictionary of the Malayan Language" published in 1812.[3]
Belacan is used as an ingredient in many dishes. A common preparation is sambal belacan, made by mixing toasted belacan with chilli peppers, minced garlic, shallot paste and sugar and then fried. Sometime it is toasted to bring out the flavour,[4] but that creates a strong odor. [5] [6]

Varieties

Varieties

Shrimp pastes vary in appearance from pale liquid sauces to solid chocolate-colored blocks. Shrimp paste produced in Hong Kong and Vietnam is typically a light pinkish gray while the type used for Burmese, Lao, Cambodian and Thai cooking is darker brown. While all shrimp paste has a pungent aroma, that of higher grades is generally milder. Markets near villages producing shrimp paste are the best places to obtain the highest quality product. Shrimp paste varies between different Asian cultures and can vary in smell, texture and saltiness [2]

Shrimp paste

Shrimp paste

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lengkare shrimp paste from Lombok Island, Indonesia
Belacan in a market of Malaysia
Shrimp paste being dried under the sun in Ma Wan, Hong Kong
Shrimp paste or shrimp sauce, is a common ingredient used in Southeast Asian and Southern Chinese cuisine. It is known as terasi (also spelled trassi, terasie) in Indonesian, ngapi (ငါးပိ [ŋəpḭ]) in Burmese, kapi (กะปิ) in Thai, Khmer (កាពិ) and Lao language, belacan (also spelled belachan, blachang) in Malay, mắm ruốc, mắm tép and mắm tôm in Vietnamese (the name depends on the shrimp used),[1] bagoong alamang (also known as bagoong aramang) in Filipino, haam ha/ha jeung in Cantonese Chinese and hom ha/hae ko (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-ko) in Min Nan Chinese.
It is made from fermented ground shrimp mixed with salt. Some versions are in its wet form such as those in Vietnam and other versions are sun dried and either cut into fist-sized rectangular blocks or sold in bulk. It is an essential ingredient in many curries and sauces. Shrimp paste can be found in most meals in Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. It is often an ingredient in dip for fish or vegetables.

applying the technique of image production (multimedia) Classification shot basis:

applying the technique of image production (multimedia)
Classification shot basis:

1.ECU (EXTREME CLOSE UP)
    Featuring highly detailed images
2.VCU (VERY CLOSE UP)
    The surface of the face, if the human face in the shot upper head and chin slightly truncated
3.BCU (BIG CLOSE UP)
    from the face down to the neck
4.CU (CLOSE UP)
    Displays the entire surface of the face himgga little bit on the shoulders and chest
5.MCU (MEDIUM CLOSE UP)
   Displays the entire surface of the face up to the chest with the hand on the benchmark
   angled slightly upward
6.MS (MEDIUM SHOT)
    Almost the same as the MCU but on MS elbow is visible to slightly down
7. THREE QUARTER SHOT
     showing the body to the knees to the top
8. FULL SHOT Lenght
     Featuring full body and besrnya meets the display / screen (fit to screen)
9. LONG SHOT
    Displays the entire body. Large object about 1/3 to 3/4 of the width of the screen

The steps to do when we record the image is:

The steps to do when we record the image is:
a. open the lens cover
b. if not use a tripod, tighten the strap.
c. Open the camcorder screen
d. Press STAR / STOP to start recording.
Can also touched round red symbol on the bottom left LCD.Untuk stop recording press the STAR / STOP or it could be a touch of red round symbol on the bottom of the LCD.

OPERATE THE CAMERA VIDEO

OPERATE THE CAMERA
VIDEO
Basically the video is easy operation. There is also a perinsip brand is the same. This section will discuss a lot about how to operate the video camera Handycam especially with a brand SX44F type.
1. Turning on the power
To turn on your camcorder when the LCD screen is open, press POWER.
2. Set the geographic area
Touch the button on the LCD screen.
3. Setting the date and time.
4. Media Menyiapka Recaman
Recording media that can be used vary (caset memory or hard drive) camcorder depending on what you are taking. These icons can be displayed on the screen camcorder Sony SX44F.
5. Open the memory card blunt end point as indicated in the instructions and insert the memory card into the blemish until it clicks.
6. recording Picture

Applying Production Shooting Techniques CAMERA OPERATING PROCEDURES VIDEO

Applying Production Shooting Techniques
CAMERA OPERATING PROCEDURES
VIDEO

So many of them and type / series of video cameras that exist in aat now. Sometimes one feels kesulitanatau confusion when using video cameras used unusual. Basically, the operation of the video camera is the same. There perosedur that need to be noticed by a cameramen when going to use the phrase video. The procedure was to note are:

     Check whether the battery is fully charged packnya or not, if not should be in charge (fill in back) in a battery mounted on the camera / video camcorders. Recharge can also be done outside the camera / video camcorder when there are tools (preferably having battry backup).
     Prepare new memory stic; Sony DVD R 30 min or any other type of new / blank to use and enter into the camera / video camcorder (preferably have a memory or caset backup / storage memory data.yang many species).
     Make checks all control knobs are there to work or not, if they do not help in doing the Dive Shop if still under warranty. Can also be a way of buying a new one.

5. ASPECT RATIO

5. ASPECT RATIO
Aspect ratio is a measure related to the width and length of a screen. Aspect ratio is described by bilangat digits after the decimal point to one. Example 1.5: 1 or 1:33: 1. The first number consisting of one \ two digits after the decimal point (1.5 and 1:33) is the width of the frame \ screen based units (cm, inch, m). and comparison is the height of the frame. For example using the unit cm, the width is 1.5 cm and 1 cm is high. FORMAT GENERAL ASPECT RATIO Most movies today use the format 1.85: 1 or 2:35: 1, and as standartnya 1.85: 1. 1:33 TV Standart: 1, but now a lot of televisions that use 1.78: 1 (widescreen). Different types of aspect ratio

4. storyboard Process

4. storyboard Process

PREPARATION MEETING with director
The first step is to read the script that has been approved. Usually the storyboard artists make thumbnail sketches as a basic reference that will be shown to the director. It is important to do because it can reduce the striking changes during the project. What should be done by a storyboard artist to director is asked;
· What is the purpose of the story emotionally.
· What are the personalities of the characters.
· What is the overall mood of the story.
· What is the mood of each scene in the story.
· What color dominates in every frame.
· How many characters are entered alternately in each scene.
· How is what you want about the feelings of the audience.

3. USERS WHO Storyboard

3. USERS WHO Storyboard
ADVERTISING, storyboard presentation agents are used to sell products to clients. VIDEO GAMES, Vide game uses a lot of planning, including brainstorming concept of gaming and user interaction. TELEVISION SERIAL, sometimes while working in television serial films in particular, require a storyboard director at the complex sequence. MULTIMEDIA, Lots of CD used for education, training or tutorial programs, etc.. WEB DESIGN, usually use to sketch web-like images, video, animation and illustration. INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT, used also to display ideas - ideas when creating a video project administration

2. Storyboard WEAKNESS AND SOLUTIONS

2. Storyboard WEAKNESS AND SOLUTIONS
The downside is ketidakdapatannya storyboard to show the movement - movement of the camera, along with optical effects, such as fading (Blur, disolving). However, every problem there must be a way out. The easiest solution is to use your writing and schematic to describe what can not be described. In addition, there are several techniques used by illustrators to show the movement of the camera and a wider space. In addition, the need to also consider is the perimeter of a storyboard (frame \ frame). The goal is to show the selected viewpoint of the whole space.

1. storyboard

1. storyboard
Storyboard is a column of text, audio and visuals with a description of the content and visuals that are used for the production of a course. Storyboard can be different degrees as there are various steps that must fit through the purpose of making the story board.
Storyboard is a concept of communication and creative expression, techniques and media to convey messages and ideas visually, including audio processing with graphic design elements such as shapes and images, fonts and colors, and layout, so that messages and ideas can be accepted by the target. Storyboard is also not limited to ad creation because of game production, multimedia cd and elearningpun using story board.

Q.5) To give a background color by changing web set of attribute values ​​....

Q.5)
  To give a background color by changing web set of attribute values ​​....

A. body
B. Title
C. bgcolor
D. Fontcolor
E. Head

Q.3) Software to write the simplest HTML language is ....

Q.3)
  Software to write the simplest HTML language is ....

A. Ms Word
B. Ms Excel
C. Ms Powerpoint
D. Notepad
E. Ms Access

Q.2) Below is a language for web programming, except ....

Q.2)
Below is a language for web programming, except ....

A. HTML
B. XML
C. CSS
D. Javascript
E. Notepad

Question Excerpt From Managing Web Page Content

Question Excerpt From Managing Web Page Content
Q.1)
HTML stands for ....

A. Hyper Text Multiple Language
B. Hyper Text Multiple Language
C. Hypo Multiple Language Text
D. Hyper Text Multiple Land
E. Hypo Text Multiple Lan

Installing the Motherboard.

Installing the Motherboard.

a. Prepare screws used and screwdriver, then attach your motherboard correctly on the stand provided.

b. Strengthen (rotate clockwise) all the screws used for the motherboard is good and right.

1. Prepare Hard Drive

a. Take your hard drive, and note the jumper. In the jumper will there is a choice Master, Slave or Cable Select. This information can be found on the surface of the disk. (Usually already installed in the master position)

b. Attach jumper in accordance with the desired position. If you need to prepare a pair of tweezers to pull out and put the jumper on the hard drive.

Installing the Cooling Fan

Installing the Cooling Fan

a. Heatsink and fan are already strung together into one, so you stay put.

b. Before installing, note the position of the power cord for the fan power connector location. Find the shortest distance that the power cable is not in contact with the fan.

c. In this example the Pentium 4 heatsink cooling times this form is round and there are 4 on 4 point locking around the cooler.

1. installing the Memory

a. To install memory, then open the lock on the second memory slot on the motherboard side.

b. Perhatihkan that each memory chip has a slit on the bottom side. In practice this time we use the double data rate random access memory (DDRAM). There are other types of RAM, but currently hard to find in the market in new condition called syncronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).

c. Match this gap with a memory

Step 2 Work

Step 2 Work

1. Preparing and Observing Mainbord / Motherboard

a. Prepare the motherboard and observe the parts carefully. If necessary component positioning images on them for more details.

b. After that open the lock socket processor.

2. take Processor

a. Note that the processor has a mark on one corner, and in this case is usually marked with indentations, holes or darts.

b. Match the sign with the markings on the processor socket.

c. If you do the above correctly, then the processor will be incorporated into socketnya properly (If the processor is not installed properly DO NOT FORCED or suppressed).

d. Key returning the socket by pressing the lever down and hook the existing lock.

Step Work 1

Step Work 1

1. Preparing and Observing Mainbord / Motherboard

a. Prepare the motherboard and observe the parts carefully. If necessary component positioning images on them for more details.

b. After that open the lock socket processor.

2. take Processor

a. Note that the processor has a mark on one corner, and in this case is usually marked with indentations, holes or darts.

Assemble Personal Computers

Assemble Personal Computers

Post Admin on Sun June 13, 2010 5:53 pm
Supplies / Equipment:

1. Mainboard / Motherboard

2. processor

3. Heatsink + Cooling Fan

4. VGA Card (VGA)

5. Sound Card (Sound Card) if there

6. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

7. FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)

8. CD ROM / RW or DVD ROM / RW

9. monitor

Application and influence

Application and influence

The application of physical laws in lifting liquids
Applied physics is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use. An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.
The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics. Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research. For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.
Physics is used heavily in engineering. For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other structures. The understanding and use of acoustics results in better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations.
With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty. For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, over time. It also allows for simulations in engineering which drastically speed up the development of a new technology.
But there is also considerable interdisciplinarity in the physicist's methods and so many other important fields are influenced by physics, e.g. the fields of econophysics and sociophysics.

Prerequisites

Prerequisites

Mathematics is the language used for compact description of the order in nature, especially the laws of physics. This was noted and advocated by Pythagoras,[23] Plato,[24] Galileo,[25] and Newton.
Physics theories use mathematics[26] to obtain order and provide precise formulas, precise or estimated solutions, quantitative results and predictions. Experiment results in physics are numerical measurements. Technologies based on mathematics, like computation have made computational physics an active area of research.
The distinction between mathematics and physics is clear-cut, but not always obvious, especially in mathematical physics.
Ontology is a prerequisite for physics, but not for mathematics. It means physics is ultimately concerned with descriptions of the real world, while mathematics is concerned with abstract patterns, even beyond the real world. Thus physics statements are synthetic, while math statements are analytic. Mathematics contains hypotheses, while physics contains theories. Mathematics statements have to be only logically true, while predictions of physics statements must match observed and experimental data.
The distinction is clear-cut, but not always obvious. For example, mathematical physics is the application of mathematics in physics. Its methods are mathematical, but its subject is physical.[27] The problems in this field start with a "math model of a physical situation" and a "math description of a physical law". Every math statement used for solution has a hard-to-find physical meaning. The final mathematical solution has an easier-to-find meaning, because it is what the solver is looking for.
Physics is a branch of fundamental science, not practical science.[28] Physics is also called "the fundamental science" because the subject of study of all branches of natural science like chemistry, astronomy, geology and biology are constrained by laws of physics.[29] For example, chemistry studies properties, structures, and reactions of matter (chemistry's focus on the atomic scale distinguishes it from physics). Structures are formed because particles exert electrical forces on each other, properties include physical characteristics of given substances, and reactions are bound by laws of physics, like conservation of energy, mass and charge.

Modern physics

Modern physics

Classical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale. For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified. The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.
The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics. Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena. The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation. Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.

Classical physics

Classical physics

Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics. Acoustics, the study of sound, is often considered a branch of mechanics because sound is due to the motions of the particles of air or other medium through which sound waves can travel and thus can be explained in terms of the laws of mechanics. Among the important modern branches of acoustics is ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.

Core theories

Core theories

Though physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity). For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727).
These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.

Compound

Compound

A compound is a substance with a particular ratio of atoms of particular chemical elements which determines its composition, and a particular organization which determines its chemical properties. For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen atom between the two hydrogen atoms, and an angle of 104.5° between them. Compounds are formed and interconverted by chemical reactions.

Substance

A chemical substance is a kind of matter with a definite composition and set of properties.[39] Strictly speaking, a mixture of compounds, elements or compounds and elements is not a chemical substance, but it may be called a chemical. Most of the substances we encounter in our daily life are some kind of mixture; for example: air, alloys, biomass, etc.
Nomenclature of substances is a critical part of the language of chemistry. Generally it refers to a system for naming chemical compounds. Earlier in the history of chemistry substances were given name by their discoverer, which often led to some confusion and difficulty. However, today the IUPAC system of chemical nomenclature allows chemists to specify by name specific compounds amongst the vast variety of possible chemicals.

Element

Element

The concept of chemical element is related to that of chemical substance. A chemical element is specifically a substance which is composed of a single type of atom. A chemical element is characterized by a particular number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. This number is known as the atomic number of the element. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium.
Although all the nuclei of all atoms belonging to one element will have the same number of protons, they may not necessarily have the same number of neutrons; such atoms are termed isotopes. In fact several isotopes of an element may exist. Ninety–four different chemical elements or types of atoms based on the number of protons are observed on earth naturally, having at least one isotope that is stable or has a very long half-life. A further 18 elements have been recognised by IUPAC after they have been made in the laboratory.
The standard presentation of the chemical elements is in the periodic table, which orders elements by atomic number and groups them by electron configuration. Due to its arrangement, groups, or columns, and periods, or rows, of elements in the table either share several chemical properties, or follow a certain trend in characteristics such as atomic radius, electronegativity, etc. Lists of the elements by name, by symbol, and by atomic number are also available.

Principles of modern chemistry

Principles of modern chemistry

Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne.
The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model.[34] Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules,[35] substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. This matter can be studied in solid, liquid, or gas states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are usually the result of interactions between atoms, leading to rearrangements of the chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory.
The chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory glassware, but glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied/industrial chemistry) is done without it.
A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more different substances.[36] The basis of such a chemical transformation is the rearrangement of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation, which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal (when unequal, the transformation by definition is not chemical, but rather a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay). The type of chemical reactions a substance may undergo and the energy changes that may accompany it are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical laws.
Energy and entropy considerations are invariably important in almost all chemical studies. Chemical substances are classified in terms of their structure, phase, as well as their chemical compositions. They can be analyzed using the tools of chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists.[37] Most chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines. Several concepts are essential for the study of chemistry; some of them are:[38]